New environmental regulations resulting from Senate Bill 181 in Colorado have chilled investment in the state's oil and gas fields as companies grapple with how local officials will respond to a law giving them more power to restrict energy production.

Colorado now ranks fifth among U.S. states in oil production at about 500,000 barrels per day (bbl/d), up from just 90,000 bbl/d in 2010.

That boom, however, has come just as state politics has shifted to the left with an influx of urbanites who tend to oppose fossil-fuel development.

The Colorado law is one sign of pushback to the oil boom in the United States, which last year became the world's leading producer, overtaking Saudi Arabia.

RELATED ARTICLE: Opinion: Colorado’s SB19-181 Looks Like A Real ‘Oinker’

New Mexico, the state ranked third in production volume, has also sought to rein in energy development with new rules targeting emissions from hydraulic fracturing. California, another top producer, is considering legislation that would sharply curb oil drilling. Many states have opposed Trump administration efforts to expand offshore drilling near their coastlines, and environmentalists nationally have blocked or slowed new pipelines with protests and lawsuits.

Colorado is "ground zero for a combination of oil and gas production, environmental stewardship and urban sprawl housing development," said Jack Hamlin, a board member for the Rocky Mountain Pipeliners Club, which is made up of about 3,000 energy industry workers in the region. All three interest groups, he said, are "fighting for the same space."

Colorado's new law will allow counties and municipalities to make rules governing the distance oil wells can be from homes and schools and to regulate drilling impacts such as noise, traffic and pollution.

Previously, local officials relied on the state and federal governments to regulate energy.

RELATED ARTICLE: Colorado's SB19-181 Impact: What Oil, Gas Should Expect

The resulting uncertainty over how local authorities will use their newfound power has nearly halted energy deal activity, including acreage purchases. There were only five land transactions of negligible value in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in the nine months ended Mar. 31, down from nine deals worth $2 billion in the same period of 2016-17, according to consultancy Drillinginfo.

ConocoPhillips tried to sell its Colorado acreage for more than $1 billion late last year but failed to find a buyer, according to three sources familiar with the deal. ConocoPhillips declined to comment.

Adams County in northeast Colorado, where drillers produced 3.6 million barrels of oil last year, has already launched an effort to examine "health and safety and welfare" from the local energy industry.

The county "will need to look at air and water quality, preventing explosions and accidents, spills and truck traffic," said Steve O'Dorisio, a commissioner for Adams County, northeast of Denver.

UPCOMING EVENT - DUG ROCKIES: Hear a special address from Colorado Senator John Cooke, former Sheriff of Weld County, who will discuss legislative and regulatory matters Coloradans are working to resolve today. What’s the status of the future role of the hydrocarbon industry in the state? DUG Rockies takes place May 14-15 in Denver. Registration and information.

Dodged Bullet

While some oil firms are fretting over the new law, others are relieved that another, more restrictive ballot initiative failed to pass in November.

That proposal would have effectively put most of the state's land off limits for oil production by imposing bigger buffer zones between energy development and most occupied buildings.

Companies engaged in Colorado energy production expressed a range of opinions about whether and how much the new law would impact their businesses.

Hamlin, a Colorado native who owns an energy engineering company, opened a Wyoming office to guard against an exodus of energy companies from Colorado. More than 90% of his business has been done outside of the state in the months before and after the legislation's passage, he said.

Oil firms "have no idea what impact it's going to have," Hamlin said of the law. "Businesses, they just don't invest in uncertainty."

Extraction Oil & Gas Inc plans to remove acreage in Boulder County from its inventory of anticipated drilling sites because of the regulatory uncertainty, said acting CEO Matthew Owens on the firm's first-quarter earnings call. Owens stressed, however, that the firm could keep up its drilling pace by tapping fields in three other Colorado counties.

SRC Energy, a Denver-based oil producer that produces about 45,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, offered cautious optimism in its first-quarter earnings call. While the firm "does not support all parts of the bill," and acknowledges regulatory risks, the company plans to move forward with current operations, said Chairman and CEO Lynn Peterson.

Occidental Petroleum Corp. just won the competition with Chevron Corp. to acquire Anadarko Petroleum Corp., which holds more than 400,000 acres in Colorado. Executives from both firms have said they do not expect the new law to pose an obstacle.

"We have no worries about what's happening in Colorado," Vicki Hollub, Occidental's CEO, said on an analyst call announcing her firm's bid for Anadarko.

Notably, Weld County, which produced more than 157 million barrels in 2018, more than every other Colorado county, combined, said it would not adopt stricter rules. But that doesn't bar municipalities in the county from creating their own regulations.

Uncertain Path Ahead

The next steps for the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, the state oil regulator, involve amending its own rules to align with the increased focus on health and safety required in the new law. That process, which producers fear could curtail their drilling, should be completed by July 2020, said Chris Arend, a spokesman for the Colorado Department of Natural Resources.

The commission will also be amending criteria for flagging permit applications for additional review when they raise specific concerns, such as a location near a school or a flood plain.

The process will be applied to the 6,400 energy permit applications now in the pipeline as of February, many of which were filed by companies rushing to get ahead of the expected tightening of regulations. That compares with 2,600 pending permits in the same month the previous year.

Cities and counties have no set timeline for enacting new rules that might curb drilling. Some, such as Adams County, slapped a temporary moratorium on new permits while they decide what to do. Broomfield, a city northwest of Denver, will likely vote on its own moratorium later this month, said Broomfield City Councilman Kevin Kreeger.

Colorado Oil and Gas Association President Dan Haley called the new law "the beginning, not the end" of a new process for regulating the industry.

Onshore